I just received a call from Adhikari in Rishikesh that yoga master 108 Sri Mahamandaleshwar Swami Veda Bharati Maharaj has left his body. I hereby offer my condolences to all his disciples and followers, many of whom have become good friends over the years.
Swamiji was a good friend and guide to me. I first became associated with him in 2007 when I joined the SRSG Gurukula as a teacher of Sanskrit. It is unfortunate that I never knew him earlier in life. Those who did knew him as a tireless teacher of meditation and Indian yogic culture. He was, in fact, an extraordinarily learned person, not only in traditional branches of knowledge, but in Western scholarship as well. He was a magnet for scholars of Sanskrit and Hindu shastra, especially those who came from the West, and I got to meet many of them at SRSG -- David Frawley, Bettina Boehner, Chris Chapple, Mark Singleton, to just mention a few off the top of my head.
When he was still in fairly good form, Swamiji would have very lively meals in the evening, usually with special guests, mostly very interesting ones. Swamiji would lead the way with much boisterous story telling. Over the years I met his son and daughter, grandchildren, as well as hundreds of his disciple children. It was a good and interesting company. Swamiji's evening meals were called the "Rishikesh Nightclub" and they always finished with Swamiji reciting, like a maha-mantra, the various choices of beverage with which the meal could be concluded, including cinnamon from Malaysia and cocoa from Trinidad.
At first I was primarily a Sanskrit teacher, but Swamiji approved of my meagre Sanskrit skills and so asked me to work on a number of projects, including several old translations that had been sitting around and just needed finalizing. Sanat-sujatiya and the Gita in the Vasishtha Ramayana were two of them. Swamiji also confided me with the Yoga-tarangini work. He also sent me a couple of times to represent him at conferences at the Ramkrishna Mission in Kolkata and Punjab University.
But the biggest project was redoing the first volume of Yoga Sutra, in the hope that the copyright to it could be wrested from the Himalayan Institute. The new volume was published privately, and it looks pretty good. Swamiji naturally wanted the other volumes of YS to be at the same standard, which may now never happen.
Nevertheless, I finished going through the third volume just before leaving Rishikesh a couple of weeks ago and so I am quite confident that this volume will be up to the standard. Swamiji had already started going through Volume II to revise that. And there are notes and so on for Volume IV. I tried to persuade Swamiji to concentrate on the sutras of the fourth volume and to leave aside the multitude of appendices he wanted to add to other volumes. Swamiji really wanted to present the Yoga Sutras authoritatively, encompassing the entire Sanskrit commentatorial tradition and highlighting practices or interpretations as given in the oral tradition, as he had received it from Swami Rama and others in his many years of contact with the world of yoga. Swamiji also has, he has let it be known, a volume of reminiscences of his relationship with Swami Rama, which he wanted to be published posthumously.
One of the reasons that he wanted it published posthumously is because there are many incidences in these memoirs that have a miraculous flavor to them, and moreover would seem to show his guru's special favour on him. But this was characteristic of Swami Veda. Although he was proud of his career, of the special circumstances of his early life and the role he played in the Caribbean with the Hindu diaspora there, and the winding road he took that led him to create Swami Rama Sadhaka Grama and the Gurukula project in Rishikesh. Although these projects will need to be carefully cared for, may Swamiji's desire to create an atmosphere where serious minded yogis -- particular those from the West -- can study and practice without distraction or disturbance and make real progress towards the higher reaches of yoga, namely Samadhi -- be fulfilled.
Swamiji made a point of not allowing his pictures to be hung in any official location on the ashram grounds, though some individuals naturally kept his photo on the walls of their room. But Swamiji had a horror of the lavish worship and cultish mentality that so many gurus promote. He wanted his disciples to understand the proper relationship of disciple to guru, but he refused to use such gross techniques to manipulate their minds. There are, of course, certain superficial advantages to the cult mentality, and had he so wished he could easily have employed those techniques, but he refused on principle.
Though I have written a few things about my experiences with Swami Veda on this blog and elsewhere, in the last few months that I spent at SRSG Swamiji called me to his room a couple of times. With John and Souresh present he made me promise to finish the Yoga Sutra project (and a lot of others that would require too much commitment from me). Then on another occasion -- just when the Yoga Tarangini came out -- he again exacted the same promise from me.
Where the Yoga Sutra is concerned I think that if I am to continue with the project even now, that we could follow the same technique that Swamiji used and then make use of recorded lectures and notes to supplement them to come up with something that would be close to his standard and his teaching intentions. It would, of course, require the contributions of all of Swamiji's longtime associates and disciples, who were most likely to have received the grace of knowing his lesser known secrets. Swamiji was proud of his connection to Swami Rama and the "oral tradition" of Himalayan yoga. This is where I would no doubt be less helpful.
I hope that all these projects will be maintained and carried out in the way that he envisioned and that his disciples will be empowered to carry his mantle and continue to lead the way and spread his legacy and that of the Himalayan tradition.
Many years ago, Swamiji wrote books about death and preparing for death, Meditation and the Art of Dying. He also cited the example of Grandfather Bhishma from the Mahabharata and his iccha-mrityu. Many times he expressed admiration for that model of departing from the world willingly. This last year Swamiji told me several times that the astrologers had told him that the mahamaraka yoga of inevitable death was hanging over him, but that he simply "refused to die." Each time he said this, he said it with absolute determination. He would especially go into silence and meditation, using nari shodhana and other techniques to stay the call of Death, all so that he could see his projects through. Just before I left SRSG in mid-June, Swamiji again said to me that he hoped that he would be able to finish everything, then say goodbye and enter kaivalya forever. I cannot believe that even though he left quietly in the auspicious brahma muhurta he did not do so in keeping with his ambitions of a glorious and voluntary death.
At any rate, it is not for a person's death that we remember them, but for their life and the good they do for others. Swamiji's contributions to deepening humanity's understanding of yoga and meditation and their benefits will long be remembered. And I would not like to minimize the work that he did for international peace and finding ways of harmonizing different religious traditions through meditation. His sterling relations with the Keralan Christians and Sufi sheikhs are just one sample of the work he did in this regard.
And again, to all those who have been with him for more than forty years -- Swami Ritavan, Stoma Parker, Swami Radha, Joanne Sullivan and a host of others, including Maryon Masse, Silvia Barata, Caroline Hume, Caroline and Stephan Hodges, etc., as well as those like Suren, Mei Wan, Tejas and the rest of the residents of SRSG who have been with Swamiji and served him for so long -- I offer my heartfelt condolences.
May he live in immortality.
By the way, his absolute last instructions to me were to floss…
Tuesday, July 14, 2015
Saturday, May 9, 2015
Adalat Shekh’s familiar spirit
This was originally written several years ago, but it is nowhere on any of my current blogs, so I am reposting it after a long time.
About two kilometers north of the ashram is Mayapur village, in fact Miapore, a poor settlement of Muslims that destiny placed in the middle of the largest development of Hindu shrines in Bengal in the 20th century. This village had long furnished the manpower for the construction of Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir, and though this relationship went through many ups and downs over the years, the Muslims generally prospered as a result of the plentiful jobs the temple provided.
The countermaster of Mayapur village was a trusted and well-liked elderly Muslim with a white beard named Adalat Shekh, who also acted as a night guard. Besides being adept with the lathi, or fighting staff, Adalat Shekh had another talent that I had not known about before then, but apparently the temple managers did. Tapomoy Das, a dark and passionate young brahmachari who was in charge of the ashram's day-to-day management, decided to make use of that talent to solve the intractable petty-theft problem.
Adalat Shekh was an ojha. Ojhas are village magicians who use their skills for things like tracking lost objects or animals, curing snakebite, or answering other pressing questions for troubled villagers. Adalat Shekh apparently had mastery over a familiar spirit that helped him to accomplish these tasks. His fame was quite widespread, and many was the lost or stolen cow or buffalo he had found and brought back to its rightful owner.
At the time of my story, the north boundary guesthouse, a 200 meter long building three stories high, was under construction. A single story building followed the western boundary of the property; it was probably about 350 meters long, broken up by two gates, the magnificent main one to the north and a smaller one for deliveries near the southern end. This southwestern corner of the property was the site of the kitchen and dining pavillion, a functional hangar-like building with metal gates and asbestos roof.
From 7.30 to 8.30 each morning, the students of the gurukula were assigned various tasks around the ashram—generally cleaning, sweeping the roads, washing the temple floors or hallways, and so on. On this particular day, however, Tapomoy had taken a pair of boys to the square of pavement surrounded by the kitchen, the dining pavilion and the north wall, from which the road to the main gate began. Adalat was waiting there, as were a few curious members of the ashram staff, mostly other boys.
Adalat had a clay pot partially filled with Ganges water, the indispensible material for all Hindu ritual, which somehow had found its way into the Muslim community. The clay pot had been duly daubed with vermillion and oil, swastikas and other symbols painted on it, including a stick figure that represented the spirit whose presence was being summoned. Adalat place two segments of split bamboo, about three meters long, on either side of the pot and then began muttering spells and blowing into the pot. Finally, he stood up and instructed the two boys Tapomoy had selected for the task to take hold of the two flexible pieces of bamboo, so that each of them was standing at their extremities, holding one piece in either hand.
After consulting with Tapomoy, Adalat then began to speak to the pot in a commanding voice: “Go and find the brass gong!” He used the diminutive form of the imperative, as is fitting in Bengali for a master to use when speaking to a menial servant. But nothing happened. The two boys looked at each other and laughed. Everyone else looked puzzled and Adalat looked annoyed. He turned to Tapomoy and complained that the boys were incapable of carrying out the function they had been given. Tapomoy shrugged and himself replaced one of them and signaled to me to take the other end of the bamboo sticks, which I did.
Adalat then repeated the mantras and the blowing into the pot, and then again commanded his familiar spirit to find the brass gong. As soon as he had finished giving the order, Tapomoy and I felt a sudden surge in the bamboo sticks, as if someone had taken hold of them in the middle and was tugging on them, pulling us very definitely to the west. Tapomoy and I looked at each other with wide-open eyes, astonished grins on both our faces. The sticks pulled us along with confidence, taking us to the limits of the kitchen where they made a very crisp movement to the right, leading us again to the limits of the building and turning right again, leading us to the construction foreman’s hut, which stood behind the dining pavillion. Without any hesitation, they led us directly to the foreman’s doorway and leaned against it, practically knocking on the padlocked door as if trying to get in. The foreman was not at home.
Tapomoy and Adalat consulted with each other. Tapomoy said, “The gong may be inside, but the foreman isn’t. So let’s have the spirit take us to the foreman.” Adalat gave the order and the sticks did an about face; where they had been bent toward the foreman’s door, they immediately turned upward and then spun in the opposite direction, and began pulling us that way.
There was a chain link fence about eight feet high in this corner of the property, but it was only partially complete. There was a footpath leading from the head mistry’s residence as far as the last fencepost; it then turned around and led on the other side of the fence through a rice field to the main road, which continued east towards the ferry pier where one would cross the river to get to Nabadwip town. The sticks led us along this path, very emphatically turning the 180 degrees at the last fencepost and leading us at almost a running pace toward the river. Evidently the foreman had gone into town.
Adalat immediately called to his spirit to halt. It was here I learned the rather amusing piece of information that he could not carry out his paranormal activities in public areas because he did not have a license! Apparently such activities could only be conducted on private property. On consulting with Tapomoy, they decided that the brass gong could not be retrieved at that particular moment, and the spirit was asked to lead us to one of the other missing items, a clock; this time, in fact, Tapomoy decided to ask for the thief before the lost good.
In a movement that was becoming familiar, the two sticks swooshed in the opposite direction and led us back the way we had come, past the kitchen and back onto the road that followed the north wall. Our strange little group had by now grown to a fairly large size, with many curious children and devotees struggling to keep up with the sticks which were stretched out in an arc in front of Tapomoy and myself, pulling us steadily to a destination that only Adalat's familiar spirit knew.
Rushing along, it led us past the main gate and further along the north wall, to a series of rooms where many of the Bengali inmates were quartered. At this time, most of the temple devotees had finished their early morning duties or temple activities and were returning to their quarters to clean up or change before going to the dining pavillion for breakfast.
The sticks led us directly to a woman, whose name I have regrettably forgotten, but whose reputation for sticky fingers was well known. With amazing dexterity, the two sticks cornered the woman in front of her room, and while she stared at Tapomoy and myself with wide-eyed and open-mouthed astonishment, straddled her head and nestled on either side of her neck, pinning her against the wall. Evidently, the spirit had spoken: this was the culprit who had taken the clock.
Time was running out for the spirit’s work, but Tapomoy decided we had enough to try to find one more item, a watch, if I remember correctly. Again, the sticks did their about face and led us into the crossroads in front of the main gate, where the road south led to the main temple, while the road east led to the kitchen. A small throng of about fifteen men and women was in the road coming from the temple and the sticks led us right into their midst. They all scattered, forming a rough circle as everyone stood around to observe what was going on. The sticks immediately turned toward a smaller cluster of three or four individuals, which again broke up. The sticks made the adjustment, chose its target and again made the arrest by tightly pressing against either side of their prisoner's neck.
With that, Adalat Shekh and his spirit’s work was done. Tapomoy and I needed to say little to each other. It was obvious that neither of us had manipulated the sticks. The movements had been too sudden and sharp, the tugging so sure and confident that it could only have been coming from outside either of us. There was not the remotest possibility that either of us had been manipulating the bamboo; every single movement had been a total surprise to both of us.
I don’t believe that any of the stolen items were ever recovered, but somehow neither Tapomoy nor I ever doubted for a moment that the thieves were those Adalat Shekh’s familiar spirit had fingered.
Wednesday, April 22, 2015
Adhika Pathyam
Yesterday was Akshaya Tritiya, an auspicious day for undertakings, like marriages. I finished a book I started work on when I was a Gurukula teacher of Sanskrit at SRSG. I showed it to Swamiji and I am glad to say that he was very enthusiastic.
Like me, he hopes that it will be of some interest to other devotees of Swami Veda and Swami Rama, as it includes explanations of all the verses that are chanted in the morning and evening at the ashram, including Gita verses and Ishopanishad.
The name Adhika Pathyam is temporary. It needs a catchier title. Adhika Pathya means "extra reading material" for the course, to supplement other text books and reading materials, so that the students would feel that even if they did not learn Sanskrit that at least they would know what the prayers mean!
Here is a sample:
Here is a sample:
1.
Guru-vandanā
(1.1)
गुरुर्ब्रह्मा
गुरुर्विष्णुर्गुरुर्देवो महेश्वरः।
गुरुः साक्षात्
परं ब्रह्म तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः॥
gurur brahmā gurur viṣṇur gurur devo maheśvaraḥ
|
guruḥ sākṣāt paraṁ brahma tasmai śrī-gurave
namaḥ ||
Sandhi:
§ devo maheśvaraḥ = See the comments to Verse 6 (p. 6). mātā tu
pārvatī, etc.
§ gurur = guruḥ.
This is a visarga
sandhi. When visarga is preceded by a vowel other than a or ā,
and is followed by a soft consonant (all consonants other than ka, kha, ca,
cha, ṭa, ṭha, ta, tha, pa, pha, śa, ṣa, sa), the visarga changes to r.
In this verse, since s is a hard consonant, guruḥ did not become gurur
in front of sākṣāt. These are visarga-sandhi rules 4a and 1a. See
pages 104-105.
§ viṣṇur = viṣṇuḥ.
Same rule. See also
in Mealtime prayers, Gita 4.24 (p.16 of this book) havir.
Vibhakti:
§ tasmai = to him (caturthī vibhakti,
dative case). This is a sarvanāma (pronoun)
§ śrī-gurave =
to the guru (caturthī
vibhakti, dative case)
Important: The word namaḥ always takes
the caturthī vibhakti. Examples: oṁ namaḥ śivāya, oṁ namo bhagavate
vāsudevāya, namas tasyai namas tasyai namas tasyai
namo namaḥ.
This verse contains
several short sentences.
- gurur brahmā = The guru is Brahmā (creator god)
- gurur viṣṇuḥ = The guru is Vishnu (god of maintaining
the universe)
- gurur devo maheśvaraḥ = The guru is Maheshwara (Śiva,
god of destruction)
- guruḥ sākṣāt paraṁ brahma = The guru is directly the
Param Brahma, the Supreme Absolute Truth
(1.2)
अखण्डमण्डलाकारं
व्याप्तं येन चराचरम्।
तत्पदं दर्शितं
येन तस्मै श्रीगुरवे नमः॥
akhaṇḍa-maṇḍalākāraṁ vyāptaṁ yena carācaram |
tat-padaṁ darśitaṁ yena tasmai śrī-gurave namaḥ
||
Sandhis: Final m becomes anusvāra
(ṁ) in front of any consonant.
Main
part of sentence:
tasmai śrī-gurave namaḥ. (See Verse 1)
Syntax: This verse is a little more
complicated than the other ones because of the use of relative pronouns,
i.e. yena. Normally, wherever there is a tat, there is a yat,
and vice versa.
So “I bow
down to that (tasmai) guru…” Which guru? tat-padam
darśitaṁ yena
§ yena = (the guru) by whom (tṛtīyā
vibhakti, instrumental case)
§ tat padam = that thing, substance, state,
place, position.
§ darśitam = was shown. This is a past participle, like dattam.
It works like an adjective, agreeing with the subject, tat-padam, a
neuter noun.
This is a
passive construction, but Sanskrit uses the passive much more often than
English, so we can translate “who showed me that state”
Now tat padam
is doing the same thing. The tat here is looking for a yat. In
the second quarter of the verse we find another yena. So in answer to which
substance, thing, position or state, we have:
§ akhaṇḍa-maṇḍalākāraṁ
carācaram =
“the unbroken (akhaṇḍa) circle (maṇḍala) form (ākāraṁ),
moving (cara) and unmoving (acara),” i.e., the universal
creation. The word carācaraṁ and cognates are often used to mean the
entire universe of moving and unmoving beings.
§ yena = “by which” (refering to pada)
§ vyāptaṁ = is pervaded. This is also a past
participle. It agrees with the subject carācaram.
Again, this
is a passive construction. Translate: “which pervades the universe of moving
and unmoving creatures, shaped like an unbroken circle.”
So: I pay
obeisances to Śrī Guru, who showed me that state (Brahman), which
pervades the creation.
Labels:
Adhika-pathyam,
Sanskrit,
Swami Rama Sadhaka Gram
Sunday, July 6, 2014
Dhrupad festival in honor of Vidur Mallik at Jai Singh Ghera
| Shri Pandit Vidur Mallik |
Ramkumar Mallik in concert with his son Samit Kumar
and Ananda Kumar Mallik on pakhawaj.
|
| Ramkumar Mallik and his son singing yugal bandhi. |
| Acharya Ritwik Sanyal |
The father and son team of Ramkumar Mallik and Samit Kumar Mallik performed a powerful yugal performance.
I particularly enjoyed the performance of Acharya Ritwik Sanyal, who was trained in the dhrupad style of vocal music of the Dagarbani. Sanyal is a Professor and Head of the department of vocal music and Dean at the Faculty of Performing Arts at Banaras Hindu University. His style is sweeter and softer than the more masculine vir rasa approach of the Mallik family. He finished with a rendition of Jayati Sri Radhe, which was especially appropriate for a concert in the Dham.
Friday, May 16, 2014
The Ganges gurgles Namo NaMo
I am sitting in the “private” bus stand in Hardwar.
It is just an embankment away from the Ganges waterfront. The entire walkway with steps leading down to fast moving water is built of the red sandstone common in India. You see it in buildings like the Red Fort and the old temples of Vrindavan.
A boy was throwing a long string with a magnet attached to the end to catch lost coins in the current. I threw a few in to see if he could catch any. Not a one, I am afraid. His little brother, perhaps three years old, wearing only an orange T-shirt, was looking on wide-eyed at the strange game.
Finally, when I saw that big brother was not going to get any of my paisa, I put a two-rupee coin in the smaller one's hand. He looked back at me, his clear eyes with their large black irises enlarged in amazement. He turned and threw the coin into the river. This time his brother caught it.
The Ganga too is gurgling, "Namo NaMo."
It is just an embankment away from the Ganges waterfront. The entire walkway with steps leading down to fast moving water is built of the red sandstone common in India. You see it in buildings like the Red Fort and the old temples of Vrindavan.
A boy was throwing a long string with a magnet attached to the end to catch lost coins in the current. I threw a few in to see if he could catch any. Not a one, I am afraid. His little brother, perhaps three years old, wearing only an orange T-shirt, was looking on wide-eyed at the strange game.
Finally, when I saw that big brother was not going to get any of my paisa, I put a two-rupee coin in the smaller one's hand. He looked back at me, his clear eyes with their large black irises enlarged in amazement. He turned and threw the coin into the river. This time his brother caught it.
I come back to the bus stand and start writing. I just read that
Andrew Greeley, the priest novelist, "never had an unpublished thought."
And Yglesias is boasting how he can do a review of a book in four hours
and publish 93 different pieces in one month. So why not start writing
in the bus stand?
It may be called a private bus stand or whatever, but all it is is a dirt parking lot with a bamboo hut for ticket takers, a few makeshift dhabas, or open-air roadside restaurants, a couple of donkeys, plenty of garbage strewn about. But living in India, you take garbage for granted after a while. It is ubiquitous, part of the scenery like grass and stones. The Hardwar ghats, a fairly recent endeavor by the looks of it, also have the look of decay--neglected and grubby, like the windows of a greasy spoon diner.
There are many sadhus, most of them looking worse for the wear. Who knows what these sadhus are? If we saw such people in the West, we would just take them for homeless itinerants without giving them any thought whatsoever. And to be honest, it is not much different here. The sadhus who wash up in Hardwar or Rishikesh or Vrindavan come here for the same reason that the widows come.
There are people who come to holy places to give in charity to those who had come to the end of their chances and figure that giving themselves up to the grace of God in the Holy Land was an okay option.
There are some who do some religious activities, some who do more for show, and others who just don’t bother and hang out all day long, smoking ganja and bidis and tracking down the best places to get a free meal. Their look is designed to show they don’t care about their appearance, though perhaps they will bother with a splotch of red on the forehead or a spread of ash across, or perhaps more elaborate sectarian markings.
They do not shave their heads. The shaved-headed types most likely have a place indoors to sleep tonight and will get up in the morning early to bathe in the Ganga and participate in some group activity in one of the ashrams or maths. They will be rounder; these street sadhus are thin. But this here bus station is in the low rent part of town. It is the public park, and is well used.
Along with the ghat, which stretches at least a couple of kilometers, there is a small green belt. The River Ganges was actually engineered for a number of reasons by the British. The ghat passes along the main channel around which the town has grown, but this is not in actual fact the original bed of the river. That is about three or four hundred meters to the east of here. Between the canal and the old riverbed runs the main highway from Delhi to Dehradoon, and this strip of land is supposed to be forested, preserved and protected. It is slowly being eaten away by shanties and parking lots like this one, but at least an attempt was made to create an aesthetically pleasing public space. And let me assure you, that is a rare thing in India.
It is called rajas and tamas. Who can translate? Rajas is what is pushing everything, whirring and whirling with action, with desire, with a need to grow, to be bigger and better, to succeed, to build, to show the world that we are worthy!
Tamas is the sigh of despair, thanatos, the person lying by the Ganga waiting to die. The empty water bottle cast carelessly on the ground.
Rajas is the other bank of the river, over by Har ki Pauri, the main ghat which you usually see in pictures of Hardwar, thronging with pilgrims. That is where during the Kumbha Mela the sadhus from the main Akhadas, the prestigious Nagas, line up to bathe in the Ganges, naked and ash covered, dreadlocks like Medusa's serpents.
Har ki Pauri still has its old temples, but it now also boasts glass-windowed restaurants, where visitors from Delhi or Chandigarh, taking a break from the city, come to eat fast food and stare through the glass windows at the Ganges flowing past.
That’s the Hardwar the economic thinkers think is best for Hardwar. And in this world, who wants anything else? Why shouldn’t the religious centers be tourist sites? Why shouldn’t they build skyscrapers that serve no other function than to be tall and say, “God is here” rather than "there"? So people will come and see whether God really is there or not. And some will say, such things could only come from God, but most will come to gawk without really any thought at all. As long as they can sleep in an air-conditioned room with fresh sheets and towels. These people do not give skinny sadhus coins.
And it’s better of course if there are not too many beggars. The Indians can deal with it, but we want foreigners.
The guys in the ticket lean-to are all happy that Narendra Modi won the election.
In the ashram, one of the workers celebrated with samosas and mango juice, which I ate just before leaving. On the tuktuk from Rishikesh we passed a little group of forty or fifty people wearing orange hats and waving flags with the orange and green lotus of the BJP. There is a very loud koyil in one of the eucalyptus trees here who also seems to be celebrating.
Nearly everyone is happy with Modi. The mood is upbeat with the great victory. Many people really think that he is a savior. The country is fed up with the Gandhis. There is a kind of visceral antipathy to Sonia Gandhi that has become pervasive, something like the way certain sectors of America dislike Hillary Clinton. Sonia supposedly tried to keep out of it all, but it’s just like being in the Mafia; it’s the Gandhi family business, running India.
But they got creamed really badly this time around. It is like the country doesn’t want to see a Gandhi ever again. Except for the black sheep Varun, who ran for the BJP, abandoning the Congress years ago along with his mother. Still in politics, just a different party.
Everybody thinks Modi will be a savior. He will eliminate corruption. He will bring the “Gujarati model” of development to the whole country. The holy river Yamuna will miraculously be relieved of its burden of Delhi sewage and industrial effluent. Its water, which is wholly diverted for agriculture before a last trickle reaches the megapolis capital, like the gasp of a dying child, arrives there only to receive this black bounty from the overburdened city. For has not Modi already cleaned the Sabarmati in Gujarat? Why should he not succeed? If he has the will, he will find a way. And he has the will.
But what is that way? Well, it sure is development. There is nothing else on the program. It is development and stop corruption. Let the country become wealthy, let it win respect on the international stage, let it show the world that it too is capable, that Hindus, in particular, are world class people. That is the mood.
That is the mood of Baba Ramdev, the sadhu king of Hardwar, maharajah of people's yoga and packaged ayurvedic medicines and organic food. He started his own political party, “Bharata Svabhiman” (India Pride) and was damned well going to get sucked into politics, participating in Ana Hazare’s anti-corruption crusade, even getting roughed up by the police when they decided his huge yoga program in the Ramalila Maidan was turning into an anti-government political event. He slowed down a bit since then, but this time around gave his full backing to the BJP, as did every other major sadhu in India. But that is to be expected.
I ask the young guys who work here, "So you guys are happy Modi won? Why?"
One replies with panache in English, "He is like Hitler!"
I was a little taken aback, but I said mildly, "Not everyone thinks that is a good thing."
"But, I mean," he and the others quickly stepped in to clarify, "I mean that he makes decisions quickly. He is decisive. He leads. He will not let Pakistan or America dictate to him what to do. He will clean things up."
It may be called a private bus stand or whatever, but all it is is a dirt parking lot with a bamboo hut for ticket takers, a few makeshift dhabas, or open-air roadside restaurants, a couple of donkeys, plenty of garbage strewn about. But living in India, you take garbage for granted after a while. It is ubiquitous, part of the scenery like grass and stones. The Hardwar ghats, a fairly recent endeavor by the looks of it, also have the look of decay--neglected and grubby, like the windows of a greasy spoon diner.
There are many sadhus, most of them looking worse for the wear. Who knows what these sadhus are? If we saw such people in the West, we would just take them for homeless itinerants without giving them any thought whatsoever. And to be honest, it is not much different here. The sadhus who wash up in Hardwar or Rishikesh or Vrindavan come here for the same reason that the widows come.
There are people who come to holy places to give in charity to those who had come to the end of their chances and figure that giving themselves up to the grace of God in the Holy Land was an okay option.
There are some who do some religious activities, some who do more for show, and others who just don’t bother and hang out all day long, smoking ganja and bidis and tracking down the best places to get a free meal. Their look is designed to show they don’t care about their appearance, though perhaps they will bother with a splotch of red on the forehead or a spread of ash across, or perhaps more elaborate sectarian markings.
They do not shave their heads. The shaved-headed types most likely have a place indoors to sleep tonight and will get up in the morning early to bathe in the Ganga and participate in some group activity in one of the ashrams or maths. They will be rounder; these street sadhus are thin. But this here bus station is in the low rent part of town. It is the public park, and is well used.
Along with the ghat, which stretches at least a couple of kilometers, there is a small green belt. The River Ganges was actually engineered for a number of reasons by the British. The ghat passes along the main channel around which the town has grown, but this is not in actual fact the original bed of the river. That is about three or four hundred meters to the east of here. Between the canal and the old riverbed runs the main highway from Delhi to Dehradoon, and this strip of land is supposed to be forested, preserved and protected. It is slowly being eaten away by shanties and parking lots like this one, but at least an attempt was made to create an aesthetically pleasing public space. And let me assure you, that is a rare thing in India.
It is called rajas and tamas. Who can translate? Rajas is what is pushing everything, whirring and whirling with action, with desire, with a need to grow, to be bigger and better, to succeed, to build, to show the world that we are worthy!
Tamas is the sigh of despair, thanatos, the person lying by the Ganga waiting to die. The empty water bottle cast carelessly on the ground.
Rajas is the other bank of the river, over by Har ki Pauri, the main ghat which you usually see in pictures of Hardwar, thronging with pilgrims. That is where during the Kumbha Mela the sadhus from the main Akhadas, the prestigious Nagas, line up to bathe in the Ganges, naked and ash covered, dreadlocks like Medusa's serpents.
Har ki Pauri still has its old temples, but it now also boasts glass-windowed restaurants, where visitors from Delhi or Chandigarh, taking a break from the city, come to eat fast food and stare through the glass windows at the Ganges flowing past.
That’s the Hardwar the economic thinkers think is best for Hardwar. And in this world, who wants anything else? Why shouldn’t the religious centers be tourist sites? Why shouldn’t they build skyscrapers that serve no other function than to be tall and say, “God is here” rather than "there"? So people will come and see whether God really is there or not. And some will say, such things could only come from God, but most will come to gawk without really any thought at all. As long as they can sleep in an air-conditioned room with fresh sheets and towels. These people do not give skinny sadhus coins.
And it’s better of course if there are not too many beggars. The Indians can deal with it, but we want foreigners.
The guys in the ticket lean-to are all happy that Narendra Modi won the election.
In the ashram, one of the workers celebrated with samosas and mango juice, which I ate just before leaving. On the tuktuk from Rishikesh we passed a little group of forty or fifty people wearing orange hats and waving flags with the orange and green lotus of the BJP. There is a very loud koyil in one of the eucalyptus trees here who also seems to be celebrating.
Nearly everyone is happy with Modi. The mood is upbeat with the great victory. Many people really think that he is a savior. The country is fed up with the Gandhis. There is a kind of visceral antipathy to Sonia Gandhi that has become pervasive, something like the way certain sectors of America dislike Hillary Clinton. Sonia supposedly tried to keep out of it all, but it’s just like being in the Mafia; it’s the Gandhi family business, running India.
But they got creamed really badly this time around. It is like the country doesn’t want to see a Gandhi ever again. Except for the black sheep Varun, who ran for the BJP, abandoning the Congress years ago along with his mother. Still in politics, just a different party.
Everybody thinks Modi will be a savior. He will eliminate corruption. He will bring the “Gujarati model” of development to the whole country. The holy river Yamuna will miraculously be relieved of its burden of Delhi sewage and industrial effluent. Its water, which is wholly diverted for agriculture before a last trickle reaches the megapolis capital, like the gasp of a dying child, arrives there only to receive this black bounty from the overburdened city. For has not Modi already cleaned the Sabarmati in Gujarat? Why should he not succeed? If he has the will, he will find a way. And he has the will.
But what is that way? Well, it sure is development. There is nothing else on the program. It is development and stop corruption. Let the country become wealthy, let it win respect on the international stage, let it show the world that it too is capable, that Hindus, in particular, are world class people. That is the mood.
That is the mood of Baba Ramdev, the sadhu king of Hardwar, maharajah of people's yoga and packaged ayurvedic medicines and organic food. He started his own political party, “Bharata Svabhiman” (India Pride) and was damned well going to get sucked into politics, participating in Ana Hazare’s anti-corruption crusade, even getting roughed up by the police when they decided his huge yoga program in the Ramalila Maidan was turning into an anti-government political event. He slowed down a bit since then, but this time around gave his full backing to the BJP, as did every other major sadhu in India. But that is to be expected.
I ask the young guys who work here, "So you guys are happy Modi won? Why?"
One replies with panache in English, "He is like Hitler!"
I was a little taken aback, but I said mildly, "Not everyone thinks that is a good thing."
"But, I mean," he and the others quickly stepped in to clarify, "I mean that he makes decisions quickly. He is decisive. He leads. He will not let Pakistan or America dictate to him what to do. He will clean things up."
The Ganga too is gurgling, "Namo NaMo."
Labels:
Ana Hazare,
Baba Ramdev,
BJP,
Haridwar,
Narendra Modi,
Rishikesh
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Teiji Sakata
Teiji Sakata, Professor Emeritus of Hindi Language at Takushoku University, was at Jai Singh Ghera yesterday for the Rasa Lila performance. Shrivatsa Goswami introduced him as the leading figure for Indological studies in Japan, who has written or edited 50 volumes about North Indian language and culture. According to Shrivatsa Maharaj, Sakata has practically single-handedly introduced the culture of North India to Japanese society.
Small in stature, he was dressed in distinctly Japanese dress, a kind of navy blue tunic that folded over like a banian with knee length shorts. Unusual for India, but perfectly suited for the weather. After giving his warmly welcomed talk in perfect though heavily accented Hindi, Prof. Sakata sat humbly in the middle of the crowd, taking occasional notes and photos, but generally absorbed in the play.
I met with the professor after the performance. Like so many scholars, despite his age (73) he is vibrant, enthusiastic and interested in everything connected with his field of study. He was recently in Delhi to present a paper from his latest edited volume in the Japanese Studies on South Asia series, The Historical Development of the Bhakti Movement in India, Theory and Practice (Manohar, 2011).
Prof. Sakata began his studies of Braj Bhasha at Benares University and came to Vrindavan in 1979 for the first time. Interestingly enough, he was introduced to Shrivatsa Goswami by John Stratton Hawley, whose book on Vrindavan Rasa Lila performances we have been quoting over the past few days.
On his return to his teaching role in Japan, Prof. Sakata was able to attract many students to the study of Hindi and by 1986 had a number of Ph.D. candidates, three of whom he brought to Vrindavan to share in the experience of the Chaurasi Kos Parikrama. He told me that he deliberately forbade any interaction between his Japanese students during the day, telling them only to mix with the other yatris so that they would improve their Hindi language skills. Then at night they were allowed to speak to each other in their own tongue.
All of these students have gone on to be professors in their own right, including Takako Tanata of Kyoto University of Education, an ethnomusicologist who has recently published her work on the Samaj Gayan Tradition of the Haridasi sampradaya of Tatia Sthan.
Actually, since my camera had become useless due to the battery dying... again... I was hoping to borrow a few of his pictures. So I showed him Vrindavan Today and he was eager to help, but we couldn't hook up his camera to my computer. Another fail. But a feeling of warm friendship passed between us. I told him a bit of what I was doing, particularly how I was interested in comparing the different versions of the Radha and Krishna story. He is also currently researching and comparing folk stories as they are told in different dialects from Braj to Bhojpuri.
Again, in humility, he said that he always felt that those who were brought up in Buddhist families in Japan and came to Indological studies (and there are many working on Buddhism) had a better intuitive understanding of India than people like himself who were secular. He said that greater insight can be had by someone who is a genuine "participant observer" than one who is simply an outsider looking in.
It was getting late and Prof. Sakata had to leave early the next day, and I also have to bicycle across town, so I had to leave with my appetite to know the professor rather unsated. But as his friendship with Shrivatsa Maharaj is well marinated -- he comes to Vrindavan at least once a year, he said, and Shrivatsa often stops over in Japan when returning to India from the American west coast -- the chances of seeing him again are good.
One thing is certain, Shrivatsa Maharaj has made Jai Singh Ghera a kind of international hub that attracts scholars and students from around the world, giving them facilities to research the Braj culture and make its delights better known throughout the world.
Tuesday, April 19, 2011
Lord Rama speaks to Swami Veda
I have been working a bit more intensely on the Yoga Sutra, as Swamiji will be leaving Rishikesh in a few days. He wants to have the finished, formatted edition ready by mid-May so it can be handed to Mr. Jain at Motilal. Yesterday, I worked in the library in order to have access to the original texts Swamiji has used, and afterwards had supper with him, Swami Radha and his secretaries, Swami Chetan Bharati and Medha.
On offer was a heaped up bowl of freshly churned makkhan, which looked to Ma Radha like a pile of vanilla ice cream. One taste and I was thinking, "This is worth stealing!" Though I did not air this thought, the conversation did turn to Krishna and his butter stealing ways.
Swamiji took great pleasure in reciting a bit of Surdas's maiyā maiṁ nahiṁ mākhana khāyau, ("Mommy, I didn't eat the butter!") and telling of other instances of Krishna's naughtiness.
That led to the legends of Surdas,the blind bard of Braj, with a little detour into Slumdog Millionaire, where one of the poor boys with a good singing voice is deliberately blinded in order to improve his begging value. His song is perhaps Surdas's most famous: āṁkhiyāṁ tava darasane kī pyāsī ("My eyes thirst for a vision of you").
Swamiji told the story about how Krishna would always come to listen to Surdas sing without his knowledge. Then one day, being blind, Surdas fell into a well. He was calling out for someone to save him when a little boy called from above, "Grab my stick and I will pull you up."
Surdas could understand that if a little boy with a little stick could pull him out of such a deep well, then it must be none other than Krishna. So once he had climbed out with his help, he immediately grabbed the boy and said, "Now I've got you, Kanaia, you won't get away from me now!"
But once again Krishna escaped. Then Swamiji quoted the Braj Bhasha verse, "You may be able to get away from me, that is no great feat. If you can leave my heart, I will consider it a miracle!"
I had heard this story a different way. There is a Sanskrit verse attributed to Bilvamangal in the second century of Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta, and I was fishing around in my memory for it. I could only come up with the first line, but Swamiji knew the whole thing:
Of course, this was all conducted with some hilarity. Swamiji spent a year in the Arya Samaj center in Mathura in the early 40's, during which time he had occasion to hear many a kathā vācaka reciting Bhāgavata, and so he started to explain to Ma Radha how these things are conducted.
"It is all about rasa, you see. You have to understand rasa," he said. "Like Surdas sings, nisi dina barakhata naina hamāre, 'Rains are pouring from my eyes, day and night' when the gopis are separated from Krishna. Because in union there is less variety. There are so many ways to be separated!
"And one thing," he said, "is that people enjoy crying. Later, when I was in Guyana in the 1950's, I was often called on to give Rāmāyaṇa recitals. Because I was Arya Samaj, we only did Valmiki Rāmāyaṇa, no Tulasi Das...
"Once I gave the same recital a few days apart. Exactly the same. But the first time, people cried and they came up to me and said how wonderful it was. A few days later, something was missing. Afterwards, the people came up to me and said, 'It was very good of course, but you know, we didn't cry.'"
Swamiji started reminiscing more about Guyana and Surinam, about how even after several generations they had still kept so much of their Bhojpuri culture, one of the features of which was these recitals of Rāmāyaṇa and Bhāgavata. Being an import from India, he was in great demand and had regular invitations to speak.
Swamiji went silent for a few minutes. Then he started again, "In those days, Guyana was not just underdeveloped. It was undeveloped, period. Most of the people lived on the coast, and there are many big rivers that could only be crossed by ferry. The roads... you think the roads were bad in India...
"I had made my ashram in a village some distance from Georgetown in order to provide a school for the children of the local Indian expatriates, mostly from Bihar, Bhojpuri speaking. This was in 1958. For a great part of the year, much of the countryside would be flooded, making communications even more difficult. The ashram was far enough from the beaten path that there was no mail delivery, and I would have to drive some distance to pick it up. Usually I only went once a week, sometimes less often.
"One time I had been invited to another village to give Rāmāyaṇa, so though it was a bit of a detour, I decided to go to the post office as I had not picked up my mail for more than two weeks. When I got there, I found a telegram that had been sitting in the office for at least ten days. I opened it, and saw the news that my father had died.
"You know," Swamiji said, "in my line of work, you are there to hear the problems of others. But there is not always someone you can share your feelings with. Nor was the telephone system in those days anywhere near adequate. So I could not call home all the way to Ludhiana.
"So I just went on to the other village where elaborate arrangements had been made for Rāmāyaṇa kathā. I took my shower and went and sat on the Vyāsāsana. In those days, I had the habit of just opening a book randomly when I had to lecture. And that is what I did..."
Swamiji had been speaking somewhat introspectively. Now he looked at us and said, "And what do you think? The Rāmāyaṇa opened on the very page where Bharata comes to the forest to announce the death of Dasharatha to his exiled brother! (Ayodhyākāṇḍa, chapters 96ff). And then describes Rama's grief and then his instructions and consolation to Bharata.
"I had been feeling that I had no one to talk to, and then it felt so much that Lord Rama had come personally to talk to me and comfort me in that difficult moment."
I said, "I'll bet you made the people cry that day!" Swamiji just laughed.
Good story for Hanuman's appearance day.
![]() |
| From Jagat Jindagi |
On offer was a heaped up bowl of freshly churned makkhan, which looked to Ma Radha like a pile of vanilla ice cream. One taste and I was thinking, "This is worth stealing!" Though I did not air this thought, the conversation did turn to Krishna and his butter stealing ways.
Swamiji took great pleasure in reciting a bit of Surdas's maiyā maiṁ nahiṁ mākhana khāyau, ("Mommy, I didn't eat the butter!") and telling of other instances of Krishna's naughtiness.
That led to the legends of Surdas,the blind bard of Braj, with a little detour into Slumdog Millionaire, where one of the poor boys with a good singing voice is deliberately blinded in order to improve his begging value. His song is perhaps Surdas's most famous: āṁkhiyāṁ tava darasane kī pyāsī ("My eyes thirst for a vision of you").
Swamiji told the story about how Krishna would always come to listen to Surdas sing without his knowledge. Then one day, being blind, Surdas fell into a well. He was calling out for someone to save him when a little boy called from above, "Grab my stick and I will pull you up."
Surdas could understand that if a little boy with a little stick could pull him out of such a deep well, then it must be none other than Krishna. So once he had climbed out with his help, he immediately grabbed the boy and said, "Now I've got you, Kanaia, you won't get away from me now!"
But once again Krishna escaped. Then Swamiji quoted the Braj Bhasha verse, "You may be able to get away from me, that is no great feat. If you can leave my heart, I will consider it a miracle!"
I had heard this story a different way. There is a Sanskrit verse attributed to Bilvamangal in the second century of Kṛṣṇa-karṇāmṛta, and I was fishing around in my memory for it. I could only come up with the first line, but Swamiji knew the whole thing:
hastam ākṣipya yāto’si
balāt kṛṣṇa kim adbhutam |
hṛdayād api niryāsi
pauruṣaṁ gaṇayāmi te ||95||
You may thrust aside my hand by force, O Krishna, what is so wonderful about that? If you can escape my heart, then I will consider that an accomplishment of some merit."
![]() |
| Ma Radha Bharati Swami |
"It is all about rasa, you see. You have to understand rasa," he said. "Like Surdas sings, nisi dina barakhata naina hamāre, 'Rains are pouring from my eyes, day and night' when the gopis are separated from Krishna. Because in union there is less variety. There are so many ways to be separated!
"And one thing," he said, "is that people enjoy crying. Later, when I was in Guyana in the 1950's, I was often called on to give Rāmāyaṇa recitals. Because I was Arya Samaj, we only did Valmiki Rāmāyaṇa, no Tulasi Das...
"Once I gave the same recital a few days apart. Exactly the same. But the first time, people cried and they came up to me and said how wonderful it was. A few days later, something was missing. Afterwards, the people came up to me and said, 'It was very good of course, but you know, we didn't cry.'"
Swamiji started reminiscing more about Guyana and Surinam, about how even after several generations they had still kept so much of their Bhojpuri culture, one of the features of which was these recitals of Rāmāyaṇa and Bhāgavata. Being an import from India, he was in great demand and had regular invitations to speak.
Swamiji went silent for a few minutes. Then he started again, "In those days, Guyana was not just underdeveloped. It was undeveloped, period. Most of the people lived on the coast, and there are many big rivers that could only be crossed by ferry. The roads... you think the roads were bad in India...
"I had made my ashram in a village some distance from Georgetown in order to provide a school for the children of the local Indian expatriates, mostly from Bihar, Bhojpuri speaking. This was in 1958. For a great part of the year, much of the countryside would be flooded, making communications even more difficult. The ashram was far enough from the beaten path that there was no mail delivery, and I would have to drive some distance to pick it up. Usually I only went once a week, sometimes less often.
"One time I had been invited to another village to give Rāmāyaṇa, so though it was a bit of a detour, I decided to go to the post office as I had not picked up my mail for more than two weeks. When I got there, I found a telegram that had been sitting in the office for at least ten days. I opened it, and saw the news that my father had died.
"You know," Swamiji said, "in my line of work, you are there to hear the problems of others. But there is not always someone you can share your feelings with. Nor was the telephone system in those days anywhere near adequate. So I could not call home all the way to Ludhiana.
"So I just went on to the other village where elaborate arrangements had been made for Rāmāyaṇa kathā. I took my shower and went and sat on the Vyāsāsana. In those days, I had the habit of just opening a book randomly when I had to lecture. And that is what I did..."
Swamiji had been speaking somewhat introspectively. Now he looked at us and said, "And what do you think? The Rāmāyaṇa opened on the very page where Bharata comes to the forest to announce the death of Dasharatha to his exiled brother! (Ayodhyākāṇḍa, chapters 96ff). And then describes Rama's grief and then his instructions and consolation to Bharata.
"I had been feeling that I had no one to talk to, and then it felt so much that Lord Rama had come personally to talk to me and comfort me in that difficult moment."
I said, "I'll bet you made the people cry that day!" Swamiji just laughed.
Good story for Hanuman's appearance day.
Labels:
Arya Samaj,
Guyana,
Mathura,
Ramayana,
Surdas,
Surinam,
Swami Radha Bharati,
Swami Veda
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